Modeling Cardiopulmonary Interactions in Trauma

Injuries in trauma aaect anatomical structures and indirectly aaect physiological systems through mechanical behavior and physical proximity. This paper presents our methods and models for simulation cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology. We demonstrate our system that simulates normal, quiet breathing, and a tension pneumoth-orax. Our goal is to enable students of anatomy and physiology to explore, with the greatest degree of freedom possible , some of the causes and eeects of normal and pathological behaviors in trauma, in a 3D interactive, virtual environment. We propose to accomplish this by integrating visually-plausible, physics-based deformable anatomical models with mathematical models of physiological processes. In this pursuit, we are developing unique models and confronting issues in making anatomy in virtual environments both look and behave realistically.